HERBST A. and GANZELMEIER H. (2002), International Standards and their Impact on Pesticide Application, Aspects of Applied Biology 66, 2002 Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Braunschweig, Germany.

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BERGHOLZ Werner, WEISS Bettina and LEE Carlos (2006), Benefits of standardization in the microelectronics industries and their implications on nanotechnology and other innovative industries, International University Bremen, Germany published in International Standardization as a Strategic Tool: Commended Papers from the IEC Centenary Challenge 2006, IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN: 2-8318-8867-0,

Abstract: Standards development in the microelectronics industry has started in the 1970s and has been one of the key enablers for the industry to move from lab to fab. This paper analyzes the experience from building up a portfolio of over 740 industry standards within the SEMI (Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International) International Standards Program and develops a quality management-based (QM) model for the standardization development based on ISO9001:2000 QM standard principles and the EFQM model of Business Excellence. The key feature of this model is that standards development must mirror the way production processes are developed and improved, since it can be viewed as an industry-wide sharing of best practice approaches for part of the value adding chain in that industry, to the benefit of all stakeholders including end users. As an example, the process must start with a QFD (quality function deployment)–like process to identify the optimum concept for the users of the prospective standard. One unexpected result of a user survey was that SEMI Standards are not only used for procurement and production purposes but that knowledge management applications (training, technical documentation etc.) are deemed even more important. This model is applied to the emerging nanotechnology industry: In addition to terminology, material characterisation and environment, health and safety standards, product performance standards are urgently needed, in particular for electronic products. Due to the commonality between microelectronics and nanotechnology, a “reuse” of SEMI Standards technical content and experience can significantly accelerate the development of such standards. This paper proposes the launch of a global initiative to create a suite of anticipatory standards, similar to the recent I300I initiative which supported the transition from 200mm to 300mm wafer diameter in the microelectronics industry

MOENIUS Johannes (2006), Do national standards hinder or promote trade in electrical products?, University of Redlands, USA, published in International Standardization as a Strategic Tool: Commended Papers from the IEC Centenary Challenge 2006, IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN: 2-8318-8867-0.

Abstract: This paper estimates the effect of national and internationally harmonized standards on trade-flows of products that depend on electricity. It does so in two steps. First it identifies the effect of basic electricity specifications (voltage, hertz and different plug types) across countries on trade flows in goods that depend on electricity. Then it repeats the exercise for all standards relevant for those goods for a subset of countries. It delivers three major results: First, both national and international standardization promote trade flows in electricity dependent products. Electricity dependent products generally benefit more from standardization than manufactured products on average. Second, national standardization dominates international harmonization of standards in their importance for trade in electricity dependent products. Finally, country-size of both the importing and exporting country matters: Smaller countries benefit more from international harmonization, identifying fixed product adaptation costs as a likely determinant of the results.

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OGP (2007), International Standards Bulletin, No.8.

OGP (2006) International Standards for the Global Oil & Natural Gas Industry - an update paper

OGP (1999), HSEmanagement – guidelines for working together in a contract environment, Report No. 6.64/291

OGP Website – Standards section

API (2004), The Oil and Natural Gas Industry’s Most Valuable Resource.

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ZISSIS Georges and MUCKLEJOHN Stuart (2006), Standardizing mesopic vision conditions and incidence on light sources science and technology, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, France, Laboratoire des Plasmas et de Conversion de l'Energie - Team "Sources Intenses des Photons” published in International Standardization as a Strategic Tool: Commended Papers from the IEC Centenary Challenge 2006, IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN: 2-8318-8867-0

Abstract: Standards affect every part of our life. From the quality of air and water, to the assurance that products and services are safe and effective for use, there are hundreds of standards helping to improve our everyday life. Standards play an important role in ensuring that products, services and systems meet our needs; for example standards should guarantee that electrical products, like lighting systems, are energy-efficient and safe to use. In principle, our modern world should fit together like a jigsaw puzzle thanks to standardization. Standards that have a role in protecting the public’s safety and health may become mandatory through inclusion in laws and regulations, such as national, European or International codes. However, there still exists a number of domains where standards are cruelly missing and this is a serious handicap that slows down, or in some cases stops, new product development and all associated business.

In this paper we will discuss, first, how missing standards in the domain of Human Mesopic Vision affects the development of innovative light sources especially for urban lighting systems that enhance security and quality of life in urban areas as well as achieve important energy economies and contribute to sustainable development. Then, we see how intense collaborative research can help to overcome the problem. The discussion will be illustrated by using the results obtained in the framework of a large European-funded research project under FP5-Energie program targeting the development of intelligent urban lighting schemes.

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DUL J., DE VRIES H., VERSCHOOF S., EVELEENS W., FEILZER A. (2004), “ Combining economic and social goals in the design of production systems by using ergonomics standards”, in Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol.47, No.2-3, Elsevier, pp. 207-222. Abstract online

KARWOWSKI, W. (Ed) Handbook of Standards and Guidelines in Ergonomics and Human Factors. Nawwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Asociates, Inc.

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Food Standards Australia New Zealand (1999), Food Safety Standards - Costs and Benefits

Food Standards Australia New Zealand (2002), Evaluating benefits and costs of food regulation: a scoping study

TEYE Frederik, MANNI Jukka, OLKINUORA Pekka (2002), Benefits of agricultural and forestry machinery standardization in Finland, Agrifood research working papers 78, MTT Agrifood Research Finland.

The World Bank (2005), Food safety and agricultural health standards: challenges and opportunities for developing country exports, Poverty Reduction & Economic Management Trade Unit and Agriculture and Rural Development Department, World Bank Report No. 31207.

Abstract: This report summarizes a program of research coordinated by the World Bank and carried out from October 2002 to May 2004. The objectives of the program have been to: 1) Highlight the major dynamics in the evolution of important sanitary and phytosanitary standards (SPS) in selected industrialized countries. 2) Explore the room for maneuver of suppliers of agri-food products in developing countries in the context of evolving regulatory (and commercial) changes and consider the range, appropriateness, and effectiveness of various strategic responses to those changes. 3) Develop a better understanding of the nature and level of the costs of achieving and maintaining compliance (or non-compliance) with international and country-specific SPS standards. The research also identifies and quantifies direct and indirect benefits that may flow from the adoption of the rules, systems, skills, and facilities required to comply with standards. 4) Develop a better understanding of the implications of emerging standards for market and industry structure and wider socio-economic effects. Evidence is sought on how compliance strategies (or the failure to comply with standards) have affected participation by smaller enterprises and farmers in export-oriented supply chains and their impact on employment patterns. 5) Review the scope and nature of ongoing programs of international development agencies to provide technical assistance and other support for capacity-building in trade-related SPS management in low- and middle-income countries, and draw operational lessons from that experience. 6) Draw out the operational implications of these research findings and identify entry points for the World Bank and other development agencies working in this field.

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PARKER John (2001), The Benefits of Geographic Names to a Spatial Data Infrastructure and to a Nation, International Conference on Spatial Information for Sustainable Development Nairobi, Kenya, 2-5 October, 2001.

NASA Geospatial Interoperability Office (2005), Geospatial Interoperability Return on Investment Study.

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HIMSS, Standards Insight periodicals that provide a business analysis and management perspective on interoperability standards. Each issue examines one or more key standards initiatives in terms of impact on healthcare information technology (HCIT) and healthcare in general.

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BLIND Knut (2004), An empirical implementation of ICT standards impact assessment, presentation at the NO-REST workshop “Towards an Impact Assessment of Standards” held on 25 November 2004 in Brussels.

BLIND Knut (2006), The impact of ICT standards: Three views, Fraunhofer ISI, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany published in International Standardization as a Strategic Tool: Commended Papers from the IEC Centenary Challenge 2006, IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN: 2-8318-8867-0.

Abstract: This paper presents three different methodological approaches to assess the impacts of ICT standards, ranging from very specific impacts of single standards to general impacts of the whole stock of ICT standards on growth in the ICT sector. We start with a case study on e-business standard, then present the results of a survey among stakeholders of European and international standardisation organisations covering the ICT area. Finally, we conclude with the presentation of an econometric model determining the contribution of the stock of ICT standards to the growth in the German and British ICT sectors. This overview not only provides new insights into methodological options, but also provides a comprehensive picture of impact dimensions, ranging from single impacts of a specific ICT standard in a single company to a general economic impact of the whole stock of ICT standards at the sector level. The paper concludes with a comprehensive picture of various impact dimensions of ICT standards, as well as an evaluation of the applied assessment methodologies. This might be the basis for further progress in the assessment of the impacts of ICT standards.

BOLIN Sherrie (2002), The Nature and Future of ICT Standardization, Summary of the Conference Held On December 12-13, 2002 In Boston, Ma, The Bolin Group, USA.

BRUSSE Bart and WENNING Rigo, What are the benefits of standardization for research projects, COPRAS FAQ, last update 2006/12/05, visited 24 may 2007.

BSI, Adobe: Reaping the benefits of standards, web site visited 25 may 2007.

CARGILL Carl (1996), Open Systems Standardization: A Business Approach, Prentice Hall,
ISBN 0132683199.

COPRAS (2007), Open Meeting report, COPRAS Cooperation Platform for Research and Standards, January 2007

Abstract: In order to discuss its findings and deliverables with its main groups of stakeholders, towards the end of its lifespan, the Cooperation Platform for Research and Standards organized a conference on research and standardization towards FP7. The conference, for which more than 200 participants registered and featured speakers as well as delegates from all constituencies (e.g. the research and standards communities, larger companies and SMEs, and the European Commission), was held 17 January 2007 at the Bedford Hotel in Brussels. The 12 invited speakers addressed a variety of issues that have to be taken into account in considering the relationship between research and standards. These include the importance of standardization in bringing research results to the market, the barriers research projects encounter when trying to interface with standards bodies, the importance of timing in research/standards interfacing processes, the marking challenge ahead of standards organizations, and the need for continued support in the FP7 programme to further improve the cooperation between projects and standards bodies.

Delphi Group (2003), The value of standards, A Delphi study.

e-Business W@tch (2005), “e-Business Interoperability and Standards, A cross-sector perspective and outlook” in e-Business W@tch, Special Report, September 2005.

HURD John and ISAAK Jim (2005), ‘IT Standardization: The Billion Dollar Strategy’ in Journal of IT Standards & Standardization Research, 3(1), 68-74, Jan-June 2005.

IDC (2002), Standardization the Secret to IT Leverage, an IDC White Paper, Framingham, USA.

JAKOBS Kai (Ed.) (2000), Information Technology Standards and Standardization: A Global Perspective, Idea Group Publishing, ISBN 1878289705.

LEECH David P., CHINWORTH Michael W. (2001), The Economic Impacts of NIST’s Data Encryption Standard (DES) Program, Report prepared for: The National Institute of Standards and Technology Program Office, Strategic Planning and Economic Analysis Group, USA.

MOEN E. and SHOBOWA Gloria C. (2000), A Study of State Library Agencies’ Information Technology Standards Policies and Practices, Final Report, Commissioned and Supported by The National Information Standards Organization, pubilshed by William, M.S., School of Library and Information Sciences, University of North Texas, USA.

OECD (2001), ICT Standardisation in the New Global Context, Final Report.

SLIMAN Erik, Business Case for Open Standards, viewed on OpenStandards.net, last update May 9, 2002,

WOPPMAN Glenn (2007), ‘Investment in JTAG standards development benefits entire industry’ Guest commentary in Test & Measurement World, 2/16/2007.

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BLIND K. (2003), Standards in the service sectors. An explorative study, Report for the European Commission, Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung-ISI-, Karlsruhe.

BLIND K. (2006), A Taxonomy of Standards in the Service Sector, in: The Service Industries Journal Volume 26 Number 4, June 2006, S. 397-420.

BLIND K. (2006), The Role of Standards for Trade in Services: First Insights, in: EURAS Proceedings 2006, Aachener Beiträge zur Informatik, Band 38, Wissenschaftsverlag Mainz, Aachen. S. 41-49.

CC Pace and the STRATMOR group (2004), MISMO, A “Time and Motion” Study, Executive Summary, Study conducted on behalf of the Mortgage Bankers Association.

CHU P.-Y. and WANG H.-J. (2001), ‘Benefits, Critical Process Factors, and Optimum Strategies of Successful ISO 9000 Implementation in the Public Sector: An Empirical Examination of Public Sector Services in Taiwan’, in Public Performance and Management Review, Vol.25, no.1, 2001, pp. 105-121.

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ALDAZ-CARROLL Enrique, RABALLAND Gael (2005), How do differing standards increase trade costs? The case of pallets, Vol. 1 of 1; Policy Research working paper series, No. WPS3519, The World Bank.

CEN , CENELEC and ETSI (2004), Transport - Getting there with European Standards: Conclusions, Proceedings from a conference co-organized by CEN, CENELEC and ETSI on the subject of the benefits of standardization for a single market in Transport, held on 3 and 4 November 2004.

EGYEDI Tineke M. (2000), “The Standardised Container: Gateway Technologies in Cargo Transport”, in Manfred Holler & Esko Niskanen (Eds.), EURAS Yearbook of Standardization, Vol.3/ Homo Oeconomicus XVII(3); Munich: Accedo, pp.231-262.

GERST Martina, BUNDUCHI Raluca, WILLIAMS Robin (2005), Social shaping & standardization: a case study from auto industry, Proceedings of the 38th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences – 2005, University of Edinburgh, Research Centre for Social Sciences.

GS1 Hong Kong, Pallet Standardization, Recommendation to industry by GS1 Hong Kong,

Abstract: GS1 Hong Kong put forth a recommendation to industry to standardize the size of entry pallets into Hong Kong. The main purpose being to contribute to the smooth flow of materials across the supply chain thus facilitating distributors. The recommended dimension is 1200mm by 1000mm 4 ways. Research revealed that pallet standardization would not only be advantageous to retailers across Asia but would also bring local retailers in line with International standards. Standardization reduces the delivery and transfer costs by enabling the sharing and exchange of pallets. Racking systems can then be standardized in warehouses and distribution facilities and handling equipment, therefore contributing to the smooth flow of materials across the supply chain.

ICF Consulting (2003), Economic Analysis of ILU Standardisation and Harmonisation.

KOEHORST Hans, DE VRIES Henk and WUBBEN Emiel (1999), “Standardisation of crates: lessons from the Versfust (Freshcrate) project” in Supply Chain Management, Vol.4, No.2, MCB University Press, Bradford, United Kingdom, pp. 95-101.

HODGKINSON David (2006), Standardization and business development: The global impact of the IOSA standards and the value of anticipation, The University of Western Australia, Australia, published in International Standardization as a Strategic Tool: Commended Papers from the IEC Centenary Challenge 2006, IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN: 2-8318-8867-0,

Abstract: The IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA) programme consists of standards against which the operational, management and control systems of an airline are assessed. Developed between 2001 and 2003 as a result of collaboration between disparate aviation industry stakeholders, IOSA is having a global impact on airline safety standards. In developing the IOSA standards and an audit programme for assessing conformity with those standards, the industry stakeholders responsible for IOSA anticipated change and regulatory action. This case study of IOSA examines the impetus for the programme and its standards development process. It then analyses the economic, business and social impact of the development and use of the IOSA standards, with a focus on the linkages between standardization and business development. The paper concludes with some of the implications and applications of the IOSA standards, programme and process.

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ALBERT George (2007), A Method to the Madness: Customization 2.0, January 01, 2007.

Abstract: “For most corporations the need to standardize processes to strip out costs remains the overriding concern. Yet selective process customization is rapidly becoming a competitive differentiator”

DAVENPORT Thomas H. (2005), The Benefits of Business Process Standards, full article published under ‘The Coming Commoditization of Processes’ in Harvard Business Review, Vol. 83, No. 6, June 2005. Excerpt available online.

DE VRIES Henk J. (2006) “Best Practice in Company Standardization” in International Journal for ITStandards and Standardization Research, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 62-84

This article describes a best practice model for standardization within companies based on a process approach to the development of company standards. Per process a best practice is developed based on an investigation within six multinational companies and a review of literature, if any. The findings are benchmarked against experiences in three comparable fields: IT management, quality management and knowledge management. Though the number of company standards exceeds the number of external standards by far, they have been neglected in standardization research. The authors hope that standards practitioners will benefit from their study and that it will stimulate researchers to pay more attention to this topic

HESSER W., Hoops L. (2001), “Company Standardization as a Strategic Management Tool: The Influence of Standardization in the Construction Process on Competitive Strategies”, in Standards, Compatibility and Infrastructure Development, proceedings of the 6th EURAS Workshop, June 2001. pp.137-146.

HESSER W., ADOLPHI H. (1994), ‘Economic benefits of company standardization’, Universitat der Bundeswerh Hamburg

MUNDEN Stephen, BOLIN Sherrie (2005), ‘Best Practice ….Next Practice – How to survive, innovate and grow in an ever changing world’. How the strategic use of standards can really help to improve competitive advantage and deliver real return on investment. NSSF/BSI 2005, ISBN: 0 580 45667 6.

KRECHMER Ken and BASKIN Elaine (2006), The entrepreneur and standards, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA, published in International Standardization as a Strategic Tool: Commended Papers from the IEC Centenary Challenge 2006, IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN: 2-8318-8867-0

Abstract: For society to gain the most advantage from entrepreneurship, the entrepreneur's desire to control their products and markets must be balanced with the socially desirable impact of standards to distribute technology and market control. Groups of technologies sustain new waves of human civilization. In each wave of civilization the balance between the desires of entrepreneurs and the needs of society has been achieved differently. The information age is built on the technologies that create information systems. The expanding standardization of these technologies is a hallmark of the information age. However, proprietary control of information technology standards by entrepreneurs is changing the balance between private gain and public good. Post-information age standards offer the entrepreneur new ways to achieve commercial advantage yet support public standards.

WESSEL, Robert van, Pieter RIBBERS & Henk DE VRIES (2006) Effects of IS Standardization on Business Performance: A case in HR IS Company Standardization. In: Ralph H. Sprague, Jr. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 39 th Annual Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences, Kauai, Hawaii, 3-6 January 2006, IEEE, Los Alamitos, CA.

WESSEL, Robert van, Pieter RIBBERS & Henk DE VRIES (2005) On the Effects of IS Company Standards on Business Process Performance. In: Tineke M. Egyedi & Mostafa Hashem Sherif (Eds.) Proceedings of the 4 th International Conference on Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology. Piscataway, NJ, IEEE.

Abstract: In this study a research model is designed that describes the effects on business performance of IS company standards facilitating processes. This model is based on a pilot case study and the small number of literature available on company standards. Subsequently, the descriptive model is used in two in-depth case studies at a large financial services corporation. The first one concerns the effects of introducing an IS product standard in a business unit and the other considers the usage of process standards in a software development department. Effects of these standards are identified, also in relation to flexibility. To conclude, implications for future research are presented.

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BSI, The standards solution for government.

UN-ECE (2005), Use of ISO 9000 in Governance, Committee for Trade, Industry and Enterprise Development, Fifteenth Session of the Working Party on Regulatory Cooperation and Standardization Policies, 24-26 October 2005, Doc No: 9.

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YAMADA Hajime (2006), Standardization and patent pools: Using patent licensing to lead the market, Toyo University, Japan, published in International Standardization as a Strategic Tool: Commended Papers from the IEC Centenary Challenge 2006, IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN: 2-8318-8867-0.

Abstract: This paper explains why profit-seeking companies participate in standardization activities and patent pools, even if the activities benefit their rival companies, paying special attention to the relation between standards and patents. We examine the question from the perspective of economic theory using the concepts of the tragedy of the anti-commons and leapfrogging. The tragedy of the anti-commons explains why companies cross-license their patents and the patent policies of standardization organizations imply cross-licensing. The leapfrogging describes why companies who own essential patents to implement standards license their patents to companies who have no related patent. By granting licenses to others, companies are rewarded in the short term with economic benefits, and in the long term with strategic opportunities to exert influence on market trends. In the final section, recommendations are given to private companies, based on the considerations given in this paper.

NSSF/BSI (2004), ‘ Standards and Intellectual Property Rights: A Practical Guide for Innovative Business’. Directed at companies involved in innovative technologies, services, products and processes, it provides guidance on developing and using standards and IPR to increase profitability and competitiveness. ISBN: 0 580 44347 5 . http://www.nssf.info/resources/documents/Standards_and_Intellectual_PR.pdf

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MARSHALL R. (2005), Labor Standards, Human Capital and Economic Development, EPI working paper No. 271, Economic Policy Institute, www.epinet.org.

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AMARI David M. (2004), “Phoenix Police Department counts on ISO 9001:2000 24/7” in ISO Management Systems , (May-June 2004) pp. 25-30

ANDERSON Stewart (2001), “Management system certification + corporate e-commerce strategy = e-assurance” in ISO Management Systems (October 2001) pp. 19-25.

BELLESI Florencia and TAL Alon (2005), “Import purchasers favour ISO 14001-certified suppliers” in ISO Management Systems, (September-October 2005) pp. 9-14.

BLUNCH Niels-Hugo and CASTRO Paula (2005), Multinational Enterprises and Training Revisited: Do International Standards Matter?, Social Protection discussion paper series no. 504 Social Protection Unit, Human Development Hub, The World Bank, Report No. 32546.

Abstract : Several studies have examined the determinants of training in developing countries but only few have paid attention to the potential importance of international standards such as ISO 9000 or ISO 14000 on the firm's training decision. This paper examines training determinants using recent employer surveys for four developing countries, Honduras, Indonesia, Morocco and Nicaragua. We find that ISO certification status is an important determinant of training, even after controlling for other characteristics such as workers' formal schooling, firm size, industry and foreign ownership. This points towards the importance of product quality and production standards for firm training. The paper also discusses policy implications related to the findings and provides directions for further research.

CORBETT Charles J., LUCA Anastasia M. and PAN Heh-Nan (2003), “Global perspectives on global standards; a 15-economy survey of ISO 9000 and ISO 14000” in ISO Management Systems (January-February 2003) pp. 31-40.

CORBETT Charles J., MONTES Maria J., KIRSCH David A., and ALVAREZ-GIL Maria Jose’ (2002), ‘Does ISO 9000 Certification Pay?’, in ISO Management Systems, (July-August 2002) pp. 31-40.

CORBETT Charles J. and KIRSCH David A. (2000), “ISO 14000: an agnostic’s report from the front line” , in ISO 9000 + ISO 14000 NEWS (March-April 2000) pp. 4-17.

GRAJEK Michal (2004), Diffusion of ISO 9000 Standards and International Trade, WZB, Markets and Political Economy Working Paper No. SP II 2004-16.

HILLARY Ruth (2001), ISO 14001: Case Studies and Practical Experiences, Greenleaf Publishing, ISBN: 187419276.

HUSSEINI Ahmad (2005), “What will an EMS do for my organization? Some concrete answers” in ISO Management Systems, (January-February 2005) pp. 9-13.

ISO (1998), “Business efficiency is key ISO 9000 motivation says British survey” in ISO 9000 NEWS (March-April 1998) pp. 11-13.

MATHEWS Stephen (2005), “ISO 9000 survey shows value of customer focus – and gives purchaser’s viewpoint” in ISO Management Systems, (September-October 2005) pp. 15-19.

PEURIFOY Ken and GOOKIN Lanny (2004), “ISO/TS 29001 set to become oil ans gas industry’s unique QMS standard” in ISO Management Systems, (July-August 2004), pp. 29-33.

REIS CAJAZEIRA Jorge Emanuel (2004), “International Bahia Sul’s integrated management system focuses on ‘triple bottom line’ and communication” in ISO Management Systems (January-February 2004) pp. 33-39.

UNIDO and JSA (2001), A Pathway to Excellence: TQM methods ans case studies from ASEAN.

VERBOOM David (2002), “Can ISO 9001:2000 aid the humanitarian aid sector?” in ISO Management Systems, (September-October 2002) pp. 25-29.

WILSON James Patrick (2004), An Examination of the Economic Benefits of ISO 9000 and the Baldrige Award to Manufacturing Firms, Thesis at the University of Pittsburgh, School Of Engineering.

Further examples can be found in ISO Management Systems, a bi-monthly magazine published by ISO, which offers many articles relating the experiences of companies and other organisations that have implemented management system standards, and the benefits they have enjoyed.

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BIRCH John (2003), Benefit of Legal Metrology for the Economy and Society, Study for the International Committee of Legal Metrology. OIML, Paris.

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BSI (2005), ‘The Small Business Guide to Making Standards Work’ - case studies which show how standardization can benefit small businesses by promoting profitability and sustainable growth, helping firms to boost their productivity and drive down costs. This publication also provides guidance to researching, buying and introducing standards.

European Commission (2006), SMEs and standardisation in Europe, 23 good practices to promote the participation of craft and SME enterprises in standardization and the use of standard, EIM Business & Policy Research, European Commission.

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Bundesveband der Deutschen Industrie e.V. (BDI) (2004), 9 Theses on the Significance of Standards for German Industry in the 21 st Century, Germany.

BLIND K. and HIPP C. (2001), The Role of Quality Standards in Innovative Service Companies: An Empirical Analysis for Germany, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Germany.

FORSELIUS Richard J. (2003), The need for effective standardization management

OECD (2002), Development of a National Quality Infrastructure in Namibia, Evaluation report for SIDA.

Roland Berger & Partner (2000), Future Financing for the CEN, report for the CEN.

BLIND K./ JUNGMITTAG A. (2005), Trade and the Impact of Innovations and Standards: The Case of Germany and the UK, in: Applied Economics 37, 2005, S. 1385-1398.

BLIND K./ JUNGMITTAG A. (2005), The Impact of Innovation and Standards on German-French trade flows, in: Économie Appliquée, 58 (2), 2005, S. 99-125.

BLIND K. (2001), ‘The Impacts of Innovations and Standards on Trade of Measurement and Testing Products: Empirical Results of Switzerland’s Bilateral Trade Flows with Germany, France and the UK,’ in Information Economics and Policy, vol.13, pp. 439-460.

SWANN P., TEMPLE P. and SHURMER M. (1996) ‘Standards and Trade Performance: the UK Experience’, in The Economic Journal 106: 1297-1313.

Nathan Associates (1996), ResearchStudy of the Quality Control System in Egypt, for the Development Economic Policy Reform Analysis (DEPRA) Project, Cairo, Egypt, U.S. Agency for International Development.

RUSSELL Andrew (2006), Industrial legislatures: The American system of standardization, The Johns Hopkins University, USA, published in International Standardization as a Strategic Tool: Commended Papers from the IEC Centenary Challenge 2006, IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN: 2-8318-8867-0,

Abstract: Much like the history of the American nation itself, this American system of standardization has strong traditions of voluntarism, local control, meritocracy, rights to represent one’s own interests, and a marked preference for private coordination of commercial activity. By the first decades of the twentieth century, the range of standard-setting institutions in many respects resembled our situation today: a decentralized and pluralistic constellation of institutions, each pursuing standardization to suit their own objectives within a dynamic and competitive international context. The author’s approach to the history of the American system of standardization—and its significance for international standardization—is to focus on ideas and institutions. There are striking similarities between the challenges that faced proponents of industry standardization in the early twentieth century and those who aimed to advance the cause of consensus standardization in the late twentieth century. Both historical contexts are marked by constant jurisdictional conflicts, complex technical problems, a competitive international economy, and the continual need to negotiate boundaries between government control, market activity, and collaborative institutions.

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BATTIGALLI Pierpaolo & MAGGI Giovanni (2003), International agreements on product standard: an incomplete contracting theory, NBER Working Papers 9533, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.

CHEN Maggie X. and MATTOO Aaditya (2005), Regionalism in Standards: Good or Bad for Trade?, , a previous version (2004) has been published by the World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper Series, WPS 3458.

COWAN Robin (1991), High Technology and the Economics of Standardization, Paper presented at the Intenational Conference on Social and Institutional Factors Shaping Technological Development: Technology at the Outset, held inWissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung, on May 27-28, 1991.

DAVID Paul and GREENSTEIN Shane (1990), “The Economics of Compatibility Standards : An Introduction to Recent Research”, in Economics of Innovation and New Technology No.1, 1990, pp. 3-41.

European Commission (2007), European Standardisation Conference: Innovation and Market Access through Standards, held in Berlin, march 2007. Audio proceedings, success stories and presentations available online

GANDAL Neil (2000) Quantifying the Trade Impact of Compatibility Standards and Barriers: An Industrial Organization Perspective, Tel Aviv University, University of California-Berkeley and CEPR.

GHOSH Rishab A (2005), "An Economic Basis for Open Standards". Report from the FLOSSPOLS project, funded under the Sixth Framework Programme of the European Union, managed by the eGovernment Unit of the European Commission's DG Information Society.

KRECHMER Ken (2005), Standards Mark the Course of Economic Progress, International Center for Standards Research, University of Colorado at Boulder; (revised version of a paper presented at the International J.A. Schumpeter Society Economics Conference, June 28 - July 1, 2000, Manchester, England).

MASKUS Keith E., WILSON John S. and OTSUKI Tsunehiro (2000), Quantifying the Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade; A Framework for Analysis, Policy Research Working Paper no. WPS 2512, The World Bank.

OECD (2005), Standards and conformity assessment in trade: minimising barriers and maximising benefits, Compilation of Submissions to the Workshop and Policy Dialogue held in Berlin on 21 – 22 November 2005.

OTSUKI Tsune, XIAOYANG Maggie Chen, WILSON John S. (), Do standards matter for export success?, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3809.

Abstract: In this paper the authors examine how meeting foreign standards affects firms' export performance, reflected in export propensity and market diversification. The analysis draws on the World Bank Technical Barriers to Trade Survey database of 619 firms in 17 developing countries. The results indicate that technical regulations in industrial countries adversely affect firms' propensity to export in developing countries. In particular, testing procedures and lengthy inspection procedures reduce exports by 9 percent and 3 percent, respectively. Furthermore, in the model, the difference in standards across foreign countries causes diseconomy of scale for firms and affects decisions about whether to enter export markets. The empirical analysis presented here implies that standards impede exporters' market entry, reducing the likelihood of exporting to more than three markets by 7 percent. In addition, the authors find that firms that outsource components are more challenged by compliance with multiple standards.

UNIDO (2005), Industrial Development Report 2005 "Capability building for catching-up".

VAN DE KAA, Geerten, Henk J. DE VRIES, Eric VAN HECK, Jan VEN DEN ENDE (2007), The Emergence of Standards: a Meta-analysis. In: Proceedings of the 40th Hawaii International Conference on Systems Sciences (HICSS’07). IEEE.

BARRETT Christopher B. and YANG Yi Nung (2001), ‘Rational Incompatibility with International Product Standards’, in Journal of International Economics, Vol. 54, No. 1, Pp. 171-191, June 2001.

BLIND K. and JUNGMITAG A. (2005), The Impact of Patents and Standards on Macroeconomics Growth: A Panel Approach Cover in 4 Countries and 12 Sectors, FISIR; paper presented at the AEA conference on innovations & intellectual property values, Paris October 20 th 2005.

BLIND K. and JUNGMITAG A. (2007), The Impact of Standards on Macroeconomic Growth: A Panel Approach Covering Four Countries and Twelve Sectors, forthcoming in Journal of Productivity Analysis 2007.

BLUM Ulrich, EICKHOFF G., JUNGINGER I. (1999), ‘The Importance of Standardization from a Competition Perspective’, in Tintelnot, C.; Meißner,D.; Steinmeier, I. (eds.) Innovationsmanagement, pp. 53-62.

JONES Philip and HUDSON John (1996), ‘Standardization and the Costs of Assessing Quality’ in European Journal of Political Economy 12 (1996), 355-361.

JUNGMITTAG A., BLIND K., GRUPP H. (1999), ‘Innovation, Standardisation and the Long-term Production Function: A Cointegration Analysis for Germany 1960-1996’, in Zeitschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften (ZWS), vol. 119, pp. 205-222.

LOWE, P and GILCHRIST P. (1988), The Economic Benefits of Standards and Standardization: a Cost/Benefit Analysis, Brunel University, Uxbridge

MATUTES Carmen & REGIBEAU Pierre (1996), ‘ A selective review of the economics of standardization. Entry deterrence, technological progress and international competition’, in European Journal of Political Economy, vol. 12(2), pages 183-209

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ALDAZ-CARROLL Enrique (2006), Regional approaches to better standards systems, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 3948.

Abstract: Developing countries face an increasing need to upgrade the standards of their domestic markets and of their exports. This paper examines different approaches available to them for upgrading their standards and conformity assessment procedures. It focuses particularly on those followed within the context of regional trade agreements (RTAs), as these are yielding promising results. Based on interviews performed in Latin America and on previous literature, the paper draws common features of a RTA standard and conformity assessment upgrading and harmonization process, identifies some of its main challenges, and suggests principles that developing countries could follow in such a process.

HENSON Spencer, PREIBISCH Kerry, MASAKURE Oliver (2001), Review of Developing Country Needs and Involvement in International Standards-Setting Bodies, Centre for Food Economics Research, Department of Agricultural and Food Economics, The University of Reading, UK.

HOLMES Peter, IACOVONE Leonardo, KAMONDETDACHA Rungroge, NEWSON Lara; University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom; in cooperation with MEMEDOVIC Olga, UNIDO, Strategic Research and Economics Branch, (2006), Capacity-Building to Meet International Standards as Public Goods, Working Paper, UNIDO, Vienna.

International Trade Centre (2005), Influencing and Meeting International Standards: Challenges for developing countries, Final Report of the workshop held in Geneva, 22 - 24 June 2005.

MASKUS Keith, OTSUKI Tsunekiro, WILSON John (2005), The Cost of Compliance with Product Standards for Firms in Developing Countries: An Econometric Study, Paper presented at ETSG 2005 Dublin, Seventh Annual Conference, held on 8-10 September 2005 at University College Dublin.

MORIKAWA Mari and MORRISON Jason (2004), Who Develops ISO Standards? A Survey of Participation in ISO’s International Standards Development Processes, Pacific Institute, Oakland, USA.

OTSUKI Tsunekiro, WILSON John and SEWADEH Mirat (2001), A race to the top? A case study of food safety standards and African exports Vol. 1, World Bank, Development Research Group, Washington DC, Doc No. WPS2563.

WILSON John S. and ABIOLA Victor O. (eds.) (2003), Standards and Global Trade: A Voice for Africa, The World Bank, ISBN: 0-8213-5473-6.

WILSON John and OTSUKI Tsunekiro (2004), Standards and Technical Regulations and Firms in Developing Countries: New Evidence from A World Bank Technical Barriers to Trade Survey, The World Bank (Preliminary Draft).

International Trade Center ( ITC) and Commonwealth Secretariat (2004), Influencing and Meeting international standards: challenges for developing countries, Geneva.

OTSUKI Tsunekiro, WILSON John and SEWADEH Mirat (2000), Saving Two in a Billion: A Case Study to Quantify the Trade Effect of European Food Safety Standards on African Exports . World Bank, Development Research Group, Washington DC.

PERRONI Carlo and WIGLE Randall (1999), ‘International Process Standards and North-South Trade’, in Review of Development Economics 3, no. 1 (1999): 11-26.

SWINNEN, J.F.M. (Ed.), Global Supply Chains, Standards and the Poor – How the Globalization of Food Systems and Standards Affects Rural development and Poverty. Wallingford, UK / Cambridge, MA, USA: CABI.

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BLIND K. (2004), The Economics of Standards: Theory, Evidence, Policy , Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham. ISBN 1843767937

HESSER, FEILZER, DE VRIES et al. (2006), Standardization in Companies and Markets, Helmut Schmidt University, Hamburg. ISBN 10:3-00-01-018522-4.

GREENSTEIN Shane and STANGO Victor (eds.) (2007), Standards and Public Policy, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521864503. Excerpt available online.

DE VRIES H.J. (1999), Standardization – A Business Approach to the Role of National Standardization Organizations . Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston / Dordrecht / London.

HESSER Wilfried & INKLAAR Alex (Eds) (1996), Introduction to Standards and Standardization, Beuth, Berlin.

HESSER Wilfried and HOOPS Lars-Peter (2003), The Advantage of Standardisation as a Management Instrument in Companies, Final report for the European Union.

KRISLOV Samuel (1997), How Nations Choose Product Standards and Standards Change Nations, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, ISBN: 082293969-X.

SPIVAK Steven M. and BRENNER F. Cecil (2001), Standards Essentials, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY. ISBN: 0824789180.

SIMCOE S. Timothy and RYSMAN Marc (2006), Measuring the performance of standard setting organizations, The Joseph L. Rotman School of Management - University of Toronto, Canada, published in International Standardization as a Strategic Tool: Commended Papers from the IEC Centenary Challenge 2006, IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN: 2-8318-8867-0.

Abstract: This paper proposes a new method for evaluating the performance of standard setting organizations (SSOs) using patent citations. A sample of patents obtained from the publicly available intellectual property disclosure records of fourteen SSOs is used to illustrate the proposed approach. The method has two major advantages. First, citations are easily measured and compared across different standards and SSOs. And second, it is possible to examine both average citation rates and changes in patent citation rates following disclosure. Average citation rates provide a measure of SSOs’ ability to identify important technologies, while changes provide a measure of their ability to influence a particular technology’s economic or technological significance. The results show that SSO patents are cited far more frequently than an average patent from the same vintage and technology class, and that disclosure is followed by a statistically significant increase in the citation rate. These findings suggest that SSOs not only identify and endorse important technologies, but also influence their future significance. The method is also used to compare the relative size of these “selection” and “endorsement” effects at formal Standards Developing Organizations (SDOs) versus less formal consortia. In the author’s sample, the selection effect is significantly larger for consortia, but the evidence of a disclosure effect is stronger for SDOs.

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